Whisk jam and vinegar in medium microwave-safe bowl; stir in apricots. Cover with plastic wrap, cut several steam vents in plastic, and microwave on high until apricots are plump, 30 seconds to 1 minute. Whisk in oil, shallot, onion, ¼ teaspoon salt, and ⅛ teaspoon pepper; toss to combine. Let cool to room temperature.
Toss arugula, pear, and vinaigrette in large bowl; adjust seasonings with salt and pepper. Divide salad among individual plates; top each with portion of almonds and goat cheese. Serve immediately.
