For the base recipe: Combine tomato paste, apple cider vinegar, brown sugar (or molasses), Worcestershire sauce, smoked paprika, garlic powder, onion powder, black pepper, and cayenne pepper (if using) in a saucepan.
Whisk until smooth.
Place over medium heat and bring to a simmer.
Simmer for 15 minutes, stirring occasionally, allowing flavors to meld and sauce to thicken.
For Carolina vinegar style: Combine 1 ½ cups apple cider vinegar, 2 tablespoons tomato paste, 1 tablespoon yellow mustard, and 1 teaspoon red pepper flakes.
For Alabama white sauce: Whisk together 1 cup mayonnaise, ¼ cup apple cider vinegar, 1 tablespoon black pepper, and 1 teaspoon horseradish. No cooking required.
Let the sauce sit in the fridge for at least 48 hours before using to allow flavors to mellow and integrate.
