Heat 1 tablespoon oil in large cast-iron skillet on medium and cook sausage, breaking up with spoon until browned around edges, 5 to 6 minutes.
Add garlic, onion and 1 teaspoon thyme; cook, stirring occasionally, 5 minutes.
Add farro, cauliflower and broth and bring to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer, stirring occasionally, until farro is tender, 28 to 30 minutes. Stir in beans, parsley and ¼ teaspoon each kosher salt and pepper.
Heat broiler. Combine panko with remaining tsp oil and thyme, then toss with Parmesan; sprinkle over bean mixture. Broil until golden brown and bubbling around edges, 2 to 3 minutes.
