Tear ½ small loaf crusty bread (such as country-style, ciabatta, or baguette) into 1" pieces (you should have about 4 cups). Heat ⅓ cup extra-virgin olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high. Add bread and season with kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper. Cook, tossing occasionally, until golden brown and crisp on all sides, about 5 minutes. Transfer to a plate.

Whisk together 2 large egg yolks*, 2 large garlic cloves, finely grated, 1 tsp. finely grated lemon zest, ¼ cup fresh lemon juice, and 3 tsp. Dijon mustard in a medium bowl. Whisking constantly, gradually pour in ⅓ cup extra-virgin olive oil, starting drop by drop and increasing to a steady stream. Whisk until mixture is emulsified and achieves a consistency between heavy cream and mayonnaise.

Finely chop 3 oil-packed anchovy fillets, then sprinkle with salt and use the side of your knife to mash into a paste; scrape into egg yolk mixture. Add 1½ oz. Parmesan, finely grated, ½ tsp. Diamond Crystal or ¼ tsp. kosher salt, and lots of pepper; whisk to combine. Taste dressing and season with more salt and pepper if needed.

Place croutons, 1½ lb. zucchini (about 6 medium), shaved into ribbons lengthwise with a vegetable peeler, and one 15.5-oz. can white beans (such as cannellini, butter, or navy), rinsed, patted dry, in a large bowl; drizzle with dressing and toss gently to coat.

Divide salad among plates and top with more Parmesan and lemon zest, season with more pepper, and drizzle with more oil if desired. Serve with lemon wedges for squeezing over.